//- 💫 DOCS > USAGE > ADDING LANGUAGES > LANGUAGE DATA

p
    |  The individual components #[strong expose variables] that can be imported
    |  within a language module, and added to the language's #[code Defaults].
    |  Some components, like the punctuation rules, usually don't need much
    |  customisation and can simply be imported from the global rules. Others,
    |  like the tokenizer and norm exceptions, are very specific and will make
    |  a big difference to spaCy's performance on the particular language and
    |  training a language model.


+table(["Variable", "Type", "Description"])
    +row
        +cell #[code STOP_WORDS]
        +cell set
        +cell Individual words.

    +row
        +cell #[code TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS]
        +cell dict
        +cell Keyed by strings mapped to list of one dict per token with token attributes.

    +row
        +cell #[code TOKEN_MATCH]
        +cell regex
        +cell Regexes to match complex tokens, e.g. URLs.

    +row
        +cell #[code NORM_EXCEPTIONS]
        +cell dict
        +cell Keyed by strings, mapped to their norms.

    +row
        +cell #[code TOKENIZER_PREFIXES]
        +cell list
        +cell Strings or regexes, usually not customised.

    +row
        +cell #[code TOKENIZER_SUFFIXES]
        +cell list
        +cell Strings or regexes, usually not customised.

    +row
        +cell #[code TOKENIZER_INFIXES]
        +cell list
        +cell Strings or regexes, usually not customised.

    +row
        +cell #[code LEX_ATTRS]
        +cell dict
        +cell Attribute ID mapped to function.

    +row
        +cell #[code SYNTAX_ITERATORS]
        +cell dict
        +cell
            |  Iterator ID mapped to function. Currently only supports
            |  #[code 'noun_chunks'].

    +row
        +cell #[code LOOKUP]
        +cell dict
        +cell Keyed by strings mapping to their lemma.

    +row
        +cell #[code LEMMA_RULES], #[code LEMMA_INDEX], #[code LEMMA_EXC]
        +cell dict
        +cell Lemmatization rules, keyed by part of speech.

    +row
        +cell #[code TAG_MAP]
        +cell dict
        +cell
            |  Keyed by strings mapped to
            |  #[+a("http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/all.html") Universal Dependencies]
            |  tags.

    +row
        +cell #[code MORPH_RULES]
        +cell dict
        +cell Keyed by strings mapped to a dict of their morphological features.

+aside("Should I ever update the global data?")
    |  Reuseable language data is collected as atomic pieces in the root of the
    |  #[+src(gh("spaCy", "lang")) #[code spacy.lang]] package. Often, when a new
    |  language is added, you'll find a pattern or symbol that's missing. Even
    |  if it isn't common in other languages, it might be best to add it to the
    |  shared language data, unless it has some conflicting interpretation. For
    |  instance, we don't expect to see guillemot quotation symbols
    |  (#[code &raquo;] and #[code &laquo;]) in English text. But if we do see
    |  them, we'd probably prefer the tokenizer to split them off.

+infobox("For languages with non-latin characters")
    |  In order for the tokenizer to split suffixes, prefixes and infixes, spaCy
    |  needs to know the language's character set. If the language you're adding
    |  uses non-latin characters, you might need to add the required character
    |  classes to the global
    |  #[+src(gh("spacy", "spacy/lang/char_classes.py")) #[code char_classes.py]].
    |  spaCy uses the #[+a("https://pypi.python.org/pypi/regex/") #[code regex] library]
    |  to keep this simple and readable. If the language requires very specific
    |  punctuation rules, you should consider overwriting the default regular
    |  expressions with your own in the language's #[code Defaults].


+h(3, "language-subclass") Creating a #[code Language] subclass

p
    |  Language-specific code and resources should be organised into a
    |  subpackage of spaCy, named according to the language's
    |  #[+a("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes") ISO code].
    |  For instance, code and resources specific to Spanish are placed into a
    |  directory #[code spacy/lang/es], which can be imported as
    |  #[code spacy.lang.es].

p
    |  To get started, you can use our
    |  #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language")) templates]
    |  for the most important files. Here's what the class template looks like:

+code("__init__.py (excerpt)").
    # import language-specific data
    from .stop_words import STOP_WORDS
    from .tokenizer_exceptions import TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS
    from .lex_attrs import LEX_ATTRS

    from ..tokenizer_exceptions import BASE_EXCEPTIONS
    from ...language import Language
    from ...attrs import LANG
    from ...util import update_exc

    # create Defaults class in the module scope (necessary for pickling!)
    class XxxxxDefaults(Language.Defaults):
        lex_attr_getters = dict(Language.Defaults.lex_attr_getters)
        lex_attr_getters[LANG] = lambda text: 'xx' # language ISO code

        # optional: replace flags with custom functions, e.g. like_num()
        lex_attr_getters.update(LEX_ATTRS)

        # merge base exceptions and custom tokenizer exceptions
        tokenizer_exceptions = update_exc(BASE_EXCEPTIONS, TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS)
        stop_words = STOP_WORDS

    # create actual Language class
    class Xxxxx(Language):
        lang = 'xx' # language ISO code
        Defaults = XxxxxDefaults # override defaults

    # set default export – this allows the language class to be lazy-loaded
    __all__ = ['Xxxxx']

+infobox("Why lazy-loading?")
    |  Some languages contain large volumes of custom data, like lemmatizer
    |  lookup tables, or complex regular expression that are expensive to
    |  compute. As of spaCy v2.0, #[code Language] classes are not imported on
    |  initialisation and are only loaded when you import them directly, or load
    |  a model that requires a language to be loaded. To lazy-load languages in
    |  your application, you can use the
    |  #[+api("util#get_lang_class") #[code util.get_lang_class()]] helper
    |  function with the two-letter language code as its argument.

+h(3, "stop-words") Stop words

p
    |  A #[+a("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_words") "stop list"] is a
    |  classic trick from the early days of information retrieval when search
    |  was largely about keyword presence and absence. It is still sometimes
    |  useful today to filter out common words from a bag-of-words model. To
    |  improve readability, #[code STOP_WORDS] are separated by spaces and
    |  newlines, and added as a multiline string.

+aside("What does spaCy consider a stop word?")
    |  There's no particularly principled logic behind what words should be
    |  added to the stop list. Make a list that you think might be useful
    |  to people and is likely to be unsurprising. As a rule of thumb, words
    |  that are very rare are unlikely to be useful stop words.

+code("Example").
    STOP_WORDS = set(&quot;&quot;&quot;
    a about above across after afterwards again against all almost alone along
    already also although always am among amongst amount an and another any anyhow
    anyone anything anyway anywhere are around as at

    back be became because become becomes becoming been before beforehand behind
    being below beside besides between beyond both bottom but by
    &quot;&quot;&quot;).split())

+infobox("Important note")
    |  When adding stop words from an online source, always #[strong include the link]
    |  in a comment. Make sure to #[strong proofread] and double-check the words
    |  carefully. A lot of the lists available online have been passed around
    |  for years and often contain mistakes, like unicode errors or random words
    |  that have once been added for a specific use case, but don't actually
    |  qualify.

+h(3, "tokenizer-exceptions") Tokenizer exceptions

p
    |  spaCy's #[+a("/usage/linguistic-features#how-tokenizer-works") tokenization algorithm]
    |  lets you deal with whitespace-delimited chunks separately. This makes it
    |  easy to define special-case rules, without worrying about how they
    |  interact with the rest of the tokenizer. Whenever the key string is
    |  matched, the special-case rule is applied, giving the defined sequence of
    |  tokens. You can also attach attributes to the subtokens, covered by your
    |  special case, such as the subtokens #[code LEMMA] or #[code TAG].

p
    |  Tokenizer exceptions can be added in the following format:

+code("tokenizer_exceptions.py (excerpt)").
    TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS = {
        "don't": [
            {ORTH: "do", LEMMA: "do"},
            {ORTH: "n't", LEMMA: "not", NORM: "not", TAG: "RB"}]
    }

+infobox("Important note")
    |  If an exception consists of more than one token, the #[code ORTH] values
    |  combined always need to #[strong match the original string]. The way the
    |  original string is split up can be pretty arbitrary sometimes – for
    |  example "gonna" is split into "gon" (lemma "go") and "na" (lemma "to").
    |  Because of how the tokenizer works, it's currently not possible to split
    |  single-letter strings into multiple tokens.

p
    |  Unambiguous abbreviations, like month names or locations in English,
    |  should be added to exceptions with a lemma assigned, for example
    |  #[code {ORTH: "Jan.", LEMMA: "January"}]. Since the exceptions are
    |  added in Python, you can use custom logic to generate them more
    |  efficiently and make your data less verbose. How you do this ultimately
    |  depends on the language. Here's an example of how exceptions for time
    |  formats like "1a.m." and "1am" are generated in the English
    |  #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/en/lang/tokenizer_exceptions.py")) #[code tokenizer_exceptions.py]]:

+code("tokenizer_exceptions.py (excerpt)").
    # use short, internal variable for readability
    _exc = {}

    for h in range(1, 12 + 1):
        for period in ["a.m.", "am"]:
            # always keep an eye on string interpolation!
            _exc["%d%s" % (h, period)] = [
                {ORTH: "%d" % h},
                {ORTH: period, LEMMA: "a.m."}]
        for period in ["p.m.", "pm"]:
            _exc["%d%s" % (h, period)] = [
                {ORTH: "%d" % h},
                {ORTH: period, LEMMA: "p.m."}]

    # only declare this at the bottom
    TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS = _exc

+aside("Generating tokenizer exceptions")
    |  Keep in mind that generating exceptions only makes sense if there's a
    |  clearly defined and #[strong finite number] of them, like common
    |  contractions in English. This is not always the case – in Spanish for
    |  instance, infinitive or imperative reflexive verbs and pronouns are one
    |  token (e.g. "vestirme"). In cases like this, spaCy shouldn't be
    |  generating exceptions for #[em all verbs]. Instead, this will be handled
    |  at a later stage during lemmatization.

p
    |  When adding the tokenizer exceptions to the #[code Defaults], you can use
    |  the #[+api("util#update_exc") #[code update_exc()]] helper function to merge
    |  them with the global base exceptions (including one-letter abbreviations
    |  and emoticons). The function performs a basic check to make sure
    |  exceptions are provided in the correct format. It can take any number of
    |  exceptions dicts as its arguments, and will update and overwrite the
    |  exception in this order. For example, if your language's tokenizer
    |  exceptions include a custom tokenization pattern for "a.", it will
    |  overwrite the base exceptions with the language's custom one.

+code("Example").
    from ...util import update_exc

    BASE_EXCEPTIONS =  {"a.": [{ORTH: "a."}], ":)": [{ORTH: ":)"}]}
    TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS = {"a.": [{ORTH: "a.", LEMMA: "all"}]}

    tokenizer_exceptions = update_exc(BASE_EXCEPTIONS, TOKENIZER_EXCEPTIONS)
    # {"a.": [{ORTH: "a.", LEMMA: "all"}], ":)": [{ORTH: ":)"}]}

+infobox("About spaCy's custom pronoun lemma")
    |  Unlike verbs and common nouns, there's no clear base form of a personal
    |  pronoun. Should the lemma of "me" be "I", or should we normalize person
    |  as well, giving "it" — or maybe "he"? spaCy's solution is to introduce a
    |  novel symbol, #[code.u-nowrap -PRON-], which is used as the lemma for
    |  all personal pronouns.

+h(3, "norm-exceptions") Norm exceptions
    +tag-new(2)

p
    |  In addition to #[code ORTH] or #[code LEMMA], tokenizer exceptions can
    |  also set a #[code NORM] attribute. This is useful to specify a normalised
    |  version of the token – for example, the norm of "n't" is "not". By default,
    |  a token's norm equals its lowercase text. If the lowercase spelling of a
    |  word exists, norms should always be in lowercase.

+aside-code("Norms vs. lemmas").
    doc = nlp(u"I'm gonna realise")
    norms = [token.norm_ for token in doc]
    lemmas = [token.lemma_ for token in doc]
    assert norms == ['i', 'am', 'going', 'to', 'realize']
    assert lemmas == ['i', 'be', 'go', 'to', 'realise']

p
    |  spaCy usually tries to normalise words with different spellings to a single,
    |  common spelling. This has no effect on any other token attributes, or
    |  tokenization in general, but it ensures that
    |  #[strong equivalent tokens receive similar representations]. This can
    |  improve the model's predictions on words that weren't common in the
    |  training data, but are equivalent to other words – for example, "realize"
    |  and "realise", or "thx" and "thanks".

p
    |  Similarly, spaCy also includes
    |  #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/norm_exceptions.py")) global base norms]
    |  for normalising different styles of quotation marks and currency
    |  symbols. Even though #[code $] and #[code €] are very different, spaCy
    |  normalises them both to #[code $]. This way, they'll always be seen as
    |  similar, no matter how common they were in the training data.

p
    |  Norm exceptions can be provided as a simple dictionary. For more examples,
    |  see the English
    |  #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/en/norm_exceptions.py")) #[code norm_exceptions.py]].

+code("Example").
    NORM_EXCEPTIONS = {
        "cos": "because",
        "fav": "favorite",
        "accessorise": "accessorize",
        "accessorised": "accessorized"
    }

p
    |  To add the custom norm exceptions lookup table, you can use the
    |  #[code add_lookups()] helper functions. It takes the default attribute
    |  getter function as its first argument, plus a variable list of
    |  dictionaries. If a string's norm is found in one of the dictionaries,
    |  that value is used – otherwise, the default function is called and the
    |  token is assigned its default norm.

+code.
    lex_attr_getters[NORM] = add_lookups(Language.Defaults.lex_attr_getters[NORM],
                                         NORM_EXCEPTIONS, BASE_NORMS)

p
    |  The order of the dictionaries is also the lookup order – so if your
    |  language's norm exceptions overwrite any of the global exceptions, they
    |  should be added first. Also note that the tokenizer exceptions will
    |  always have priority over the atrribute getters.

+h(3, "lex-attrs") Lexical attributes
    +tag-new(2)

p
    |  spaCy provides a range of #[+api("token#attributes") #[code Token] attributes]
    |  that return useful information on that token – for example, whether it's
    |  uppercase or lowercase, a left or right punctuation mark, or whether it
    |  resembles a number or email address. Most of these functions, like
    |  #[code is_lower] or #[code like_url] should be language-independent.
    |  Others, like #[code like_num] (which includes both digits and number
    |  words), requires some customisation.

+aside("Best practices")
    |  Keep in mind that those functions are only intended to be  an approximation.
    |  It's always better to prioritise simplicity and performance over covering
    |  very specific edge cases.#[br]#[br]
    |  English number words are pretty simple, because even large numbers
    |  consist of individual tokens, and we can get away with splitting and
    |  matching strings against a list. In other languages, like German, "two
    |  hundred and thirty-four" is one word, and thus one token. Here, it's best
    |  to match a string against a list of number word fragments (instead of a
    |  technically almost infinite list of possible number words).

p
    |  Here's an example from the English
    |  #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/en/lex_attrs.py")) #[code lex_attrs.py]]:

+code("lex_attrs.py").
    _num_words = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven',
                  'eight', 'nine', 'ten', 'eleven', 'twelve', 'thirteen', 'fourteen',
                  'fifteen', 'sixteen', 'seventeen', 'eighteen', 'nineteen', 'twenty',
                  'thirty', 'forty', 'fifty', 'sixty', 'seventy', 'eighty', 'ninety',
                  'hundred', 'thousand', 'million', 'billion', 'trillion', 'quadrillion',
                  'gajillion', 'bazillion']

    def like_num(text):
        text = text.replace(',', '').replace('.', '')
        if text.isdigit():
            return True
        if text.count('/') == 1:
            num, denom = text.split('/')
            if num.isdigit() and denom.isdigit():
                return True
        if text.lower() in _num_words:
            return True
        return False

    LEX_ATTRS = {
        LIKE_NUM: like_num
    }

p
    |  By updating the default lexical attributes with a custom #[code LEX_ATTRS]
    |  dictionary in the language's defaults via
    |  #[code lex_attr_getters.update(LEX_ATTRS)], only the new custom functions
    |  are overwritten.

+h(3, "syntax-iterators") Syntax iterators

p
    |  Syntax iterators are functions that compute views of a #[code Doc]
    |  object based on its syntax. At the moment, this data is only used for
    |  extracting
    |  #[+a("/usage/linguistic-features#noun-chunks") noun chunks], which
    |  are available as the #[+api("doc#noun_chunks") #[code Doc.noun_chunks]]
    |  property. Because base noun phrases work differently across languages,
    |  the rules to compute them are part of the individual language's data. If
    |  a language does not include a noun chunks iterator, the property won't
    |  be available. For examples, see the existing syntax iterators:

+aside-code("Noun chunks example").
    doc = nlp(u'A phrase with another phrase occurs.')
    chunks = list(doc.noun_chunks)
    assert chunks[0].text == "A phrase"
    assert chunks[1].text == "another phrase"

+table(["Language", "Code", "Source"])
    for lang in ["en", "de", "fr", "es"]
        +row
            +cell=LANGUAGES[lang]
            +cell #[code=lang]
            +cell
                +src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/" + lang + "/syntax_iterators.py"))
                    code lang/#{lang}/syntax_iterators.py

+h(3, "lemmatizer") Lemmatizer
    +tag-new(2)

p
    |  As of v2.0, spaCy supports simple lookup-based lemmatization. This is
    |  usually the quickest and easiest way to get started. The data is stored
    |  in a dictionary mapping a string to its lemma. To determine a token's
    |  lemma, spaCy simply looks it up in the table. Here's an example from
    |  the Spanish language data:

+code("lang/es/lemmatizer.py (excerpt)").
    LOOKUP = {
        "aba": "abar",
        "ababa": "abar",
        "ababais": "abar",
        "ababan": "abar",
        "ababanes": "ababán",
        "ababas": "abar",
        "ababoles": "ababol",
        "ababábites": "ababábite"
    }

p
    |  To provide a lookup lemmatizer for your language, import the lookup table
    |  and add it to the #[code Language] class as #[code lemma_lookup]:

+code.
    lemma_lookup = dict(LOOKUP)

+h(3, "tag-map") Tag map

p
    |  Most treebanks define a custom part-of-speech tag scheme, striking a
    |  balance between level of detail and ease of prediction.  While it's
    |  useful to have custom tagging schemes, it's also useful to have a common
    |  scheme, to which the more specific tags can be related. The tagger can
    |  learn a tag scheme with any arbitrary symbols. However, you need to
    |  define how those symbols map down to the
    |  #[+a("http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/all.html") Universal Dependencies tag set].
    |  This is done by providing a tag map.

p
    |  The keys of the tag map should be #[strong strings in your tag set]. The
    |  values should be a dictionary. The dictionary must have an entry POS
    |  whose value is one of the
    |  #[+a("http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/all.html") Universal Dependencies]
    |  tags. Optionally, you can also include morphological features or other
    |  token attributes in the tag map as well. This allows you to do simple
    |  #[+a("/usage/linguistic-features#rule-based-morphology") rule-based morphological analysis].

+code("Example").
    from ..symbols import POS, NOUN, VERB, DET

    TAG_MAP = {
        "NNS":  {POS: NOUN, "Number": "plur"},
        "VBG":  {POS: VERB, "VerbForm": "part", "Tense": "pres", "Aspect": "prog"},
        "DT":   {POS: DET}
    }

+h(3, "morph-rules") Morph rules

p
    |  The morphology rules let you set token attributes such as lemmas, keyed
    |  by the extended part-of-speech tag and token text. The morphological
    |  features and their possible values are language-specific and based on the
    |  #[+a("http://universaldependencies.org") Universal Dependencies scheme].


+code("Example").
    from ..symbols import LEMMA

    MORPH_RULES = {
        "VBZ": {
            "am": {LEMMA: "be", "VerbForm": "Fin", "Person": "One", "Tense": "Pres", "Mood": "Ind"},
            "are": {LEMMA: "be", "VerbForm": "Fin", "Person": "Two", "Tense": "Pres", "Mood": "Ind"},
            "is": {LEMMA: "be", "VerbForm": "Fin", "Person": "Three", "Tense": "Pres", "Mood": "Ind"},
            "'re": {LEMMA: "be", "VerbForm": "Fin", "Person": "Two", "Tense": "Pres", "Mood": "Ind"},
            "'s": {LEMMA: "be", "VerbForm": "Fin", "Person": "Three", "Tense": "Pres", "Mood": "Ind"}
        }
    }

p
    |  In the example of #[code "am"], the attributes look like this:

+table(["Attribute", "Description"])
    +row
        +cell #[code LEMMA: "be"]
        +cell Base form, e.g. "to be".

    +row
        +cell #[code "VerbForm": "Fin"]
        +cell
            |  Finite verb. Finite verbs have a subject and can be the root of
            |  an independent clause – "I am." is a valid, complete
            |  sentence.

    +row
        +cell #[code "Person": "One"]
        +cell First person, i.e. "#[strong I] am".

    +row
        +cell #[code "Tense": "Pres"]
        +cell
            |  Present tense, i.e. actions that are happening right now or
            |  actions that usually happen.

    +row
        +cell #[code "Mood": "Ind"]
        +cell
            |  Indicative, i.e. something happens, has happened or will happen
            |  (as opposed to imperative or conditional).


+infobox("Important note", "⚠️")
    |  The morphological attributes are currently #[strong not all used by spaCy].
    |  Full integration is still being developed. In the meantime, it can still
    |  be useful to add them, especially if the language you're adding includes
    |  important distinctions and special cases. This ensures that as soon as
    |  full support is introduced, your language will be able to assign all
    |  possible attributes.
